Immune complex hypersensitivity (Type III) reactions

Type III hypersensitivity occurs when antigen and antibody complexes accumulate when they are not adequately cleared by immune cells. They give rise to an inflammatory response and attract leukocytes. Type II immune complex hypersensitivity will occur when there is an excess of antigen leading to complexes that are not cleared from the circulation. It involves soluble antigens that are not bound to cell surfaces unlike those found in Type II hypersensitivity. When these antigens bind the antibodies, immune complexes of various sizes will form. Large complexes can be cleared by macrophages but they have difficulty in the disposal of small immune complexes. These immune complexes will insert themselves into smaller blood vessels and joints causing symptoms. Such depositions in tissues often stimulate an inflammatory response and they can cause damage wherever they precipitate.

Building up a Social Media Profile on Google Plus

How often do you update your status on Google Plus? Do you have a Google+ account to begin with? If you do not have an account, you are probably living in the Dark Ages. Google+ can be very instrumental for your company. You can create a group for your business so that all the people that work with you can also join. You can build up your social media profile on Google Plus by following these steps: 1. Register, if you have not done that already – Give a username for your company with a password. It could be the same as your Gmail account. It is necessary to keep the same username across all social media websites so that it is easy for people to search for you should they be already connected with you at other places. For your business profile, you can use your company name. The key thing here is consistency and recognition. 2. Give the Right Input – Privacy is a big priority in social media and therefore all the settings to manage that privacy have to be looked into carefully. The options could range from receiving updates and newsletters and allowing or disallowing specific information about your company to be circulated in the social media community. 3. Add the database for your business acquaintances, regular and loyal customers and colleagues. Once you open the Google+ account, you can add your family, friends and colleagues to your network. People tend to get attracted to popular names and they like to know that you are not the only link they have. This is a simple truth about social proof. 4. Contribute and share regularly when you participate – There is a status update feature that can give you regular updates. It allows you to participate in a discussion or conversation. It also allows you to add comments and share your updates with others. The important thing here is to maintain a common platform by bringing information of value to the discussion. You have to remember that unlike the personal profile, a company’s profile as member of a professional community needs to be recognized with expertise and authority. 5. Set up Circles – This will allow you to create and share your information with a group of selected people. What has changed after Google Penguin 2 update? One thing that stands out clearly is that Penguin is targeting the `black hat’ methods to exploit the algorithms that push even low quality pages to the top of Google rankings. These methods rely mostly on spammed articles. They are published only for the keywords and links. Google Penguin 2 will strive to improve the current quality control techniques that have been put into place by the algorithm versions of the past. In addition to Google+, you can also start using Google Local and Google Profile. You can find most anything. You can search driving directions or find eateries from your phone or a web enabled PDA with Google Local. About four years ago, Google had introduced the Google Profile tool that gives you control over what information comes up on your profile when people search your company’s details. This tool is important for anyone who wants to be searched on the web. Without wasting any time, use the services of SEO consultants to create a Penguin-friendly SEO strategy for your business. Competent consultants like Business Link Local can manage the required research, publishing and the analysis to keep your website at the top of the Google rankings.

The Popularity of Online Roulette Casinos

History behind the best online roulette Roulette was invented as a casino game in France and it derives its name from the French diminutive for `a little wheel’. It is one of the classic games for casino and you will find the best online roulette in casinos on the internet. The game goes back to the eighteenth century. There are variations to casino roulette. In the European form of roulette, you will get a table with thirty-six black and red numbers and one green zero. You can bet on any number – it could be black or red and it could be even or odd or a combination while playing on the best online roulette. Difference between European and American Roulette The difference between the best online roulette in Europe and America is the 00 which is featured on the American roulette wheel. This is not placed on the French wheels in use at the European online casinos. The French wheel has thirty-six numbers and a single 0; the American wheel has 36 numbers with 0 and 00. How is the game played? When a player places the bets, the casino dealer will spin the ball clockwise while the game wheel will spin in a counter-clockwise direction. The ball, after losing its speed, will slot in one of the thirty-seven or thirty-eight different pockets. The maximum bet for the game of roulette is placed at an equivalent of one thousand five hundred Euros. When you play roulette, you will come across a billboard to your left corner where you can see the results of your previous bets with their statistics. Roulette Chips You will not find the chips used at a regular online casino at a roulette table. When you place a bet on the layout, the dealer will give you special chips. Every player will get a different color set of chips for keeping track. Even husbands and wives will have to play separate colors. Working out a Strategy on a Playing Field Roulette is based on the principle of auto spin. You can learn some tips on how to bet. You can bet straight up on any one number. It will pay out 35-1 but the odds will be against you at 37-1. The same odds will be on 0 or 00 bets. You can bet on a six line – that is on any six numbers in two rows. This will pay out five to one and the odds against you will be 5.33-1. If you bet on the first, second or the third column, it will pay out two to one and the odds against you will be 2.17-1. The same odds will be there if you bet on the first, second or the third dozen. Why is Online Casino Roulette Popular? Today, you can play roulette free of registration charges on the best online roulette sites. The casino roulettes on the internet have become more popular than their counterparts which are land based. This is mainly because you do not have to wait or hunt around for place at a crowded table packed with enthusiastic casino players who want to get their wagers in pretty much the same way as you do. The crowd element is eliminated from the game when you play at the best online roulette sites. Other advantages include convenience and smaller stakes. You can play your favorite game any time you feel like. Today, you can even play on your mobiles while you are on the go. You can play for a few dollars when compared with a live casino where the minimum bet has to be around twenty five dollars. So, what are you waiting for? Play one of the most exciting casino games ever at the online roulette tables and have fun.

The Tamil Language

Tamil belongs to the Dravidian language family and is the official language of the Indian State of Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Pondicherry. Apart from India, Tamil is also an official language in Sri Lanka and Singapore. There are a large number of Tamil speakers even in Malaysia, Mauritius, Fiji and South Africa. Tamil has officially been recognised among the twenty two languages under the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. It was also declared a classical language of India as late as 2004. To be declared a classical language, there are three criteria to be met - the origin of the language has to be an ancient one, it should have an independent tradition and it has to contain a considerable volume of ancient literature. Tamil is one of the two classical and traditional languages of India, the other being Sanskrit. Relatively speaking, Tamil is the oldest living language in India because Sanskrit is mostly used in religious or scholarly context. The capital of the Pandya Dynasty, Madurai, is generally linked with the development of the language due to the tradition of the Tamil Sangams that was hosted in Madurai. Tamil and Hinduism The Tamil region in India is a center of traditional Hinduism. Tamil schools of personal religious Bhakti and devotion movements have always been important with Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. These three religions were widespread among the Tamil people in the early part of the first six centuries after Christ. Although the present day Tamil are mostly Hindus, there are a sizeable number of Christians, Muslims and Jains among them. The Tamil Hindus have a long history of being achievers. Commerce and urban development have always been important in priority among them. Tamil trade with the ancient Greeks and the Romans is highlighted by archaeological and linguistic evidence. The rich literary tradition of Tamil goes back to the early Christian age. The Chera, Chola and the Pallava dynasties ruled over the Tamil region before the Vijayanagar Empire extended its influence in the fourteenth century. Under the Pallavas, the Tamilians built great temples, irrigation tanks and dams and roads and they played an important part in spreading the Indian culture in South East Asia. The Cholas were known for their naval power and brought the Malaysian Kingdom of Sri Vijaya under their rule in 1030 AD. Though the Tamil region was culturally integrated with the rest of India for a long period, it remained a separate entity until the British came into India. Tamil is of particular importance as the language with the longest continuous written history with the earliest extant literature on Hinduism being typically Dravidian. History The earliest Tamil writings can be found in the inscriptions from the Chera Dynasty and also from the potsherds from the fifth century before Christ. Three distinct periods have been classified through analysis of grammatical and lexical changes down the ages. The Old Tamil period is from 3000 BC to 700 AD. The Middle Tamil period is from 700 AD to 1600 AD and the Modern Tamil period is from 1600 AD onwards. As a Dravidian language, Tamil comes from the Proto – Dravidian. Linguists suggest that the Proto-Dravidian was spoken around 3000 BC in the regions near the Godavari river basin in peninsular India. The poems from the old Tamil period are probably the oldest extant body of secular literature in India. There were some phonological changes during the Middle Tamil period. During this period, there was an increase in the Sankritisation of Tamil. Quite a few number of Sanskrit loanwords entered Tamil from the time of the Pallava Dynasty, particularly in terms of political, religious and philosophical concepts. Script The Tamil writing system came from the Brahmi script. Over a period of time, the shape of the letters changed enormously and stabilised when printing of Tamil was introduced in the late nineteenth century. Currently, the script known as Vatteluttu, which means rounded letters, is in common use. In the ancient times, Tamil Brahmi and Vatteluttu were the main scripts used. Grantha script replaced Tamil Brahmi later. The earliest inscriptions of Tamil are found in the Brihadishvara Temple in Thanjavur. The current Vatteluttu script consists of a dozen vowels and eighteen consonants and one special character which is the Ayatam. The vowels and the consonants combine to form two hundred and sixteen compound characters. Grammar Tamil is characterised by a series of retroflex consonants like the other Dravidian languages. The retroflex consonants are made by curling the tip of the tongue back to the roof of the mouth. As far as structure is concerned, Tamil is a verb final language. Adjectives and relative infinitive clauses normally go before the term that they modify while the inflections for tense, number and case are indicated with suffixes. Tamil is also characterised by a number of stylistic features. Extensive use of suffixes leads to ambiguity often at word levels. There is a heavy system of aspects in Tamil which calls for special attention to write words as well as to speak them. The traditional Tamil grammar has four aspectual forms. They are perfective aspect, competitive aspect, progressive aspect and reflexive aspect. A major addition to the Tamil alphabet was the adoption of the Grantha letters to write in non assimilated Sanskrit words. Tamil has three types of subjects. They are nominative, dative and instrumental subjects. In majority of cases, the subject position is filled with nominative cases. Tamil can be characterised as a subject-object-verb language as far as the typical order of words is concerned. Those words that need to be inflected are usually placed in the initial positions in a sentence. This influences the place of occurrence of all the other words in the sentence except the main verb. The other important feature of the Tamil language is the use of reflexive pronoun. Old Tamil had preserved the consonants of Proto-Dravidian and the syllable structure. There was no definite present tense in Old Tamil. It only had two tenses, the past and the non past. The grammatical continuity remained across the stages from the Old Tamil to Middle Tamil and from Middle Tamil to Modern Tamil. Sanskrit also influenced Tamil grammar in the use of cases and in phonology. `Nannul’ became the standard grammar for modern literary Tamil. Tamil was affected when it came into contact with European languages. In the early part of the twentieth century, the Pure Tamil Movement, aimed to remove all Sanskritic and other foreign elements from Tamil. Tamil vowels are called `Uyireluttu’. They are both short and long. Tamil consonants are known as `Meyyeluttu’. The consonants are classified into three categories – hard, soft (nasal) and medium. Tamil is a null subject language. Not all Tamil sentences have subjects, verbs and objects. The vocabulary of Tamil is mainly Dravidian. Along with other Dravidian languages like Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam, Tamil was influenced by Sanskrit in terms of vocabulary and grammar. In the last few decades, institutions have generated technical dictionaries for Tamil with government support. These dictionaries contain words that are derived from Tamil roots to replace loanwords from English and other languages. Dialect Spoken Tamil has changed considerably over a period of time and there have been many changes in the phonological structure of the words. This has created a system in which there are definite differences between the colloquial forms and those that are used in formal context. The major regional variation is between the form spoken in India and that which is spoken in Sri Lanka, which was a former Tamil State of India in the ancient ages. Within Tamil Nadu, there are phonological differences between the northern, western and southern dialects. The regional variations of the language overlap with the varieties that are based on social class and caste. Tamil belongs to the southern branch of the Dravidian languages which contains a family of twenty six languages that are native to the Indian sub-continent. The closest relative of Tamil is Malayalam, which was a dialect of Tamil until almost the ninth century. Although many differences between Tamil and Malayalam indicate a prehistoric split of the western dialect, Malayalam took around five centuries to develop into a distinct language. Tamil dialects are differentiated from each other by phonological changes and sound shifts. The dialects do not differ much in their vocabulary. The dialects spoken in Sri Lanka retain many grammatical forms and words that are not in daily use in India. In Sri Lanka, they use many other words differently. The Tamil dialects are also differentiated as per the areas of prestige as they are called. They are the Madras Tamil, the Madurai Tamil, Kangu Tamil, Nellai Tamil, and Kanya Kumari Tamil, Tiruchirapalli Tamil, Jaffna or Yazhpanam Tamil, Trincomalee or Tiriconamalai Tamil, Batticaloa or Mattakkalappu Tamil. The dialect of the district of Palakkad in Kerala has a large number of Malayalam loanwords. The dialect has also been influenced by the Malayalam syntax and it also has a distinct Malayalam accent. Tamil spoken in the Kanya Kumari district has unique words and phonetic style than the Tamil spoken in other parts of Tamil Nadu. The style is so unique that anyone from the Kanya Kumari district is easily identified by their spoken Tamil. Hebbar and Mandyam dialects spoken by groups of Tamil Vaishnavites who migrated to Karnataka retain many features of the Vaishnava Paribhashai which is a special form of Tamil developed in the tenth century that reflects Vaishnavite religious and spiritual values. In Tamil Nadu, it is often possible to identify a person’s caste by his or her speech. Apart from its various dialects, Tamil also has different literary styles. The classic style is based on the ancient language known as `Sankat Tamil’. The modern literary style is `Cen Tamil’ with a modern colloquial form known as `Kotun Tamil’. Cen Tamil is used generally in speech and formal writing. Most of the contemporary cinema, theatre and popular entertainment on radio and television are in Kotun Tamil. This dialect is influenced by the dialects of Thanjavur and Madurai. The slight regional differences in spoken Tamil have risen because of increase in educational and transport facilities. Besides mass media such as newspapers and journals, television and radio have also been contributing factors. There are some differences between Tamil spoken in Thanjavur and Tiruchirapalli districts. Tamil spoken in the city of Chennai differs from all the other regions because of the free borrowing of words from Telugu, Urdu and English. There are similar differences that exist in phonetics also. English and Hindi words are used in spoken Tamil by the people who live in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu. Such borrowed words are not changed much phonetically but they are written in the same way as they are pronounced in the original languages. A few Sanskrit words have also been intermixed with Tamil. It can be expressed that among most of the languages in India, Tamil has the least number of loanwords that have been borrowed from other languages. Literature Tamil is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world. Its literature has existed for more than two thousand years. It has one of the richest literatures in the world. The earliest records are found on the rock edicts and stones that date back to 300 BC. Around this period, Tamil literature was known as Sangam literature. The Tamil literature inscriptions have been discovered in Egypt, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Even as Tamil has the oldest literature among the Dravidian languages, there are almost 1,860 newspapers that are published in Tamil today. Out of these, 350 are dailies. The poems from the Old Tamil period are probably the oldest collection of literature in India. Other literary works in the old Tamil period include two epics, `Cilappatikaram’ and `Manimekalai’. There were some didactic and philosophical texts that were also written during this period. The only work of importance that was a product of this age was the Tamil grammar, `Tolkappiyam’. `Thirukural’, written by Thiruvalluvar, is regarded as the corner stone of Tamil literature. This is a collection of one thousand three hundred and thirty couplets which are divided into three sections. It is a code of ethics and is secular in nature. Tamil has five great epics. The most famous, `Silapadikaram’, was written in the sixth century after `Thirukural’. Apart from these two works, the other epics are `Thevaram’, ‘Thiruvasagam’ and `Diviyaprabandam’ which were written by the Nayanmar Saints. More than sixty six million people speak Tamil worldwide. Tamil is also spoken in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Maharashtra. Quite recently, it has been made an official language also in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. In Malaysia, there are over five hundred primary education government schools in Tamil medium.

How useful is fasting?

Eating is necessary for life. It gives nourishment to the body. It also helps in establishing a cultural identity. Sometimes, people express themselves in the way when they choose not to eat. Fasting is staying away from food intentionally for a specified period of time. The word is taken from the Anglo-Saxon `faesten’ which means `to hold you from food’. Fasting has been practiced for thousands of years as part of religious ceremonies. The Red Indians used to fast to motivate fertility and to help cure certain diseases. Babylonians were fasting as a penance for their sins. Jews fasted for atonement and purification from sins. Buddhists fast on full moon days. Catholics fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday. Eastern Orthodox members fast during the entire period of Lent. Mormons fast on the first Sunday of each month. Muslims fast during the month of Ramazan where they want to overhaul their physical body with the excess waste and fat deposited in the body and also as a form of will power and sustenance without food and water during the day. Today, people who are not interested in religion fast for political and health reasons. People fast for cholesterol screening and fasting blood sugar checks and before major surgeries. When a person stays away from food for more than a few hours, the body draws on stored forms of energy to perform normally. When you don’t take protein, your body starts to break down your muscle to get the amino acids. Long term fasting can damage your heart along with your liver and kidneys. Some people think that avoiding food to lose weight may be a good idea but it is definitely not a healthy thought. Fasting is not a good way to lose weight. People who fast put their weight back when they resume their eating habits as before. Modern medicos have also declared that prolonged fasting is unhealthy for the body. For political reasons, people have gone on hunger strikes. This is utter nonsense. It is another way of self immolation or suicide. The father of the Indian Nation may have been successful but this is not a method which is considered effective nowadays. It shows womanliness and spineless behavior in the form of emotional blackmail. Fasting may be good once in a while but it is not the answer for good health of the body and the mind.

Plotinus and Hazrat Ali

HAZRAT IMAM ALI IBN E ABI TALIB AND THE FAMOUS PHILOSOPHER PLOTINUS Imam Ali (as) says, “In all the periods and times when there were no Prophets there have been persons with whom Allah whispered through their wits and spoke through their minds.” Nahjulbalagha: Sermon-219. Philosophy is the study of the ultimate cause of creation .Why is there a universe? What is the cause behind creation? Different philosophers gave different philosophic theories to explain the cause behind creation and the most prominent among them being Aristotle and Plato. The greatest among the last of the ancient philosophers was Plotinus. Plotinus was born in 204 A.D, some 400 years before Imam Ali (as) was born. Plotinus’s philosophy is a trinity consisting of the ‘One’ the ‘Nous’ and the Soul. Unlike the Christian trinity, the trinity of Plotinus is hierarchical in which the ‘One’ is the ultimate principle and is without any form, it cannot be grasped and is the ultimate. Next is the ‘Nous’ which is called the intellectual principle. And the last is the ‘Soul’ which is the creative principle. The Soul created the universe. The ‘One’ gave the plan of creation to the ‘Nous’ and the ‘Soul’ imbibed the plan of action from the ‘Nous’ and created the universe. Plotinus philosophy was wonderful because it had it’s basis in the human nature. Plotinus derived his philosophy from the study of human nature. We have three principles operating in us; one the unconscious, the mind, and the subconscious. When we are in a deep sleep, the unconscious becomes prominent, the one who controls our respiration and heartbeat while we are asleep. When we wake, most of the time, we know the duration of our sleep, the one who gives this knowledge is the unconscious. Plotinus reached the idea of ‘One’ through the unconscious. As the unconscious controls our heartbeat while we sleep, there is an ultimate unconscious which controls the whole universe. When we are dreaming the mind is active, it is the intellectual principle in us similarly there is an ultimate intellectual principle in the universe which is the ‘Nous’. When we are awake the thought are converted into action, this is the super conscious similarly there is an ultimate super conscious in the universe who is responsible for the creation of the universe, this ultimate creative principle is the ‘Soul’. In Hindu philosophy the ‘Nous’ and the ‘Soul’ are the complimentary unit of a whole called the ‘Saguna Brahman’. The Hindu philosophy treats the intellectual principle and the creative principle as one unit. China is famous for ‘Yin-Yang’ and ‘Chi’ philosophy. Chi (qi) is the universal fundamental energy which was formed before the universe was born. Every created thing has ‘Chi’ in it. Hence, Chi is the first principle from which the whole of the creation emanated. Chi is a complimentary source made of two opposing principles, one is yin (the passive energy) and the other, the yang (the active energy).The relation between the Yang and the Yin is akin to that of Sun and the moon. The Chinese philosophers believed that all the natural phenomena and natural laws can be explained in terms of balancing act between the Yin and the Yang. The Yang can be referred to the ‘Nous’ of Plotinus and Yin to his ‘Soul’. The Chi can be referred to the ‘OM’ in Hindu Philosophy. In the Islamic philosophy the Sun refers to the Holy Prophet of Islam (a.s) and the Moon refers to Imam Ali (a.s).Regarding the verse “ By the Sun when it shines and By the Moon, when it follows it (Surah Shams-91-Quran)”, the Holy Prophet of Islam said that the Sun refers to him and the Moon refers to Ali (a.s). Islamic Philosophy: In Islam Prophet Muhammad (as) is regarded as the fist creation. The first thing which was bought into existence was the light of the Holy Prophet of Islam. God wanted to introduce his first creation, Muhammad (s) so he created the universe. The Prophet said, “I was the messenger when Adam was existing in between sand and water (when he was not made).” Prophet (s) also said, “The first thing which God created was intellect, and I am the intellect.” The above given traditions are found in both the Sunni and the Shia books. It is very interesting that, even Plotinus used the same word ‘Intellect’ for the first creation. Shia Islamic Philosophy: The Shia Islamic Philosophy is an extension of the common Islamic philosophy, according to which God first created the light of the Prophet of Islam and then split the light into two, the other part being Imam Ali (as).According to Shia Philosophy Prophet Muhammad (as) and Imam Ali (as) are the complimentary parts of a single unit. The following traditions of the Holy Prophet of Islam are found in both Sunni and Shia books, “I (Muhammad s.) and Ali are from the same light.” “Ali is from me and I am from Ali.” Imam Ali (as) said: “I was the Wali (guardian) when Adam was in between sand and water.” Just as the trinity of Plotinus, the Shia Philosophy of trinity speaks of a formless, invisible and indivisible God, who created Muhammad (as) the first intellectual principle, and from Muhammad (as) he created Ali (as ) the creative principle. God wished to introduce his first creation, so he revealed the plan of creation to Muhammad (as), and Ali (as) made the universe perfectly as per the plan revealed to Muhammad (as), Imam Ali (as) says, “I have raised the seven skies with the powers and commandments, entrusted to me by my Lord. ''I am the one who when looked at the skies, and did not find any one who can challenge me''. ''I am the one who counts his creatures, even though they are numerous, and make sure they return back to their Lord''. ''I am the trustee who protects divine commands''. ''I do not treat anyone with unkindness, as I am the Divine Sustainer ‘Wali –Allah’'. ''His commands have been entrusted upon me and I have been made ruler over the masses by my Lord''. ''I am the one who called the moon and the sun and they moved forward in my obedience''. ''I am the one who called upon the ‘seven skies’ and they bow down on my instruction and stabilised in perfect posture''. ''I am the one who nominated all the Prophets, created all the worlds and laid the earth down''. ''I am aware of all those affairs which have been made compulsory''. ''I am the Amr (command) of Allah and the ‘Soul’ of Allah, as Allah says: They ask you (O’Prophet) about the soul, you tell them that soul is from Allah’s Amr (command)''. ''I am the one about whom Allah has said to his Prophet, ‘Two of you will send each and every malicious non-believer to the hell fire'’. ''I am the one who brought into existence everything, with the blessing of my Lord, after they were composed". Sermon of Al-Bayan: Nehaj Ul Israr. Imam Ali (as) has used the word ‘Soul’ for himself. Who was Plotinus? How did he reached the concept of trinity; the formless God, the Intellectual Principle and the Soul; Allah, Muhammad (as) and Ali (as).Imam Ali says, “In all the periods and times when there were no Prophets there have been persons with whom Allah whispered through their wits and spoke through their minds.” Nahjulbalagha: Sermon-219. ALL PRAISE IS DUE TO ALLAH, THE SUSTAINER OF THE UNIVERSE

Otolaryngology

Define Sound Sound is a form of energy that is produced by vibrating objects. A sound wave is made up of compression and rarefaction of molecules of media like solid, liquid or air in which the sound waves travel. Velocity of sound is different in each media. In the air, sound travels at a speed of 1120 feet per second at a temperature of twenty degrees Centigrade. It is faster than this through liquids and much faster through the solid medium. What do you understand by the frequency of sound? It is the number of cycles per second. The unit of frequency of sound is measured in Hertz (Hz). This unit is named after the German scientist, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. A sound wave of 1000 Hz will indicate 1000 cycles per second. What is complex sound? Give an example It is sound made with more than one frequency. Human voice is example of complex sound. The higher the frequency of sound, the greater will be the pitch. The complex sound has a fundamental frequency which the lowest at which a source vibrates. All frequencies above that particular tone are called overtones. These overtones establish the quality of the timbre of sound. What is a decibel in terms of measurement of sound? A decibel (dB) is measured as one-tenth of a bel unit named after Alexander Graham Bell who invented the telephone. The decibel represents a logarithmic ratio between two sounds – that is the sound being described along with the reference sound. Too many decibels constitute noise which can be defined as an aperiodic complex sound. There are three types of noise levels – White Noise, Narrow Band Noise and Speech Noise. What is the dynamic range of sound? It is the difference between the most comfortable level of sound and the discomfort level which can be measured in terms of decibel loudness. The dynamic range of sound is reduced in patients who have positive recruitment phenomenon in the case of a cochlear type of hearing loss. The sound level meter is the instrument used to measure level of noise and other sounds.

Cloud Hosting Services for eMail Solutions

What should you expect by a `cloud’ hosting service? The term is used widely and fashionably in the modern information technology world. Cloud computing is inspired by the cloud symbol that represents the internet in flowchart and diagrams. It involves hosting services over the web. The term ‘cloud’ refers to the deliverance of a remote disk storing solution. Cloud web hosting consists of one storage data device for all clients. Yet, it is not just restricted to remote disk storage. Cloud email solution providers will also offer domain names, email boxes, databases and hosting control panels. Web hosting services will be able to serve multiple domain names and web portals. The email servers are entirely dedicated to the email linked services. The cloud domain servers provided by web hosting companies will support multiple data center facilities on many continents across the world. The cloud email services can be divided into three groups: 1. Infrastructure-as-a-service 2. Platform-as-a-service 3. Software-as-a-service Cloud service also has three distinct features that make it different from conventional hosting:  It is offered on demand  It is rated and charged by the minute or the hour  It is elastic and flexible. A user can decide on the amount and kind of service that is needed in any given month. The service is operated by the web hosting provider. The user needs only a personal computer and access to the internet. Interest in cloud computing has been boosted by significant developments in distributed computing as well as virtualization. Improved speed of the internet and weak economies have also helped the cause of cloud computing. The cloud email services include  Remote backups – the backups run locally every fifteen minutes. Backup reporting is done by checking the in-house reports on a daily basis.  Multiple offsite servers with data storage for your company’s information.  Critical 448-bit data encryption.  Rapid Disaster Recovery in seconds. A cloud can both be public or private. A public cloud will sell the services to anyone on the web. For example, Amazon Web Services is now the largest provider for public cloud. A private cloud is a network that is proprietary based or it can be a data center that offers hosting services to a limited number of users. As the service provider hosts the data as well as the application, the end user can use the email solution services from anywhere.

Reverse Osmosis and the importance of Cooling Towers Water Treatment

Treating the water of the cooling towers is an important part of the operations process for several industries. Without it, there is a possibility of the quality of the product as well as productivity suffering immensely as it will be affected by scaling, corrosion, microbiological contamination and fouling. It will also result in the loss of transfer of heat in the cooling towers, leading to failure in equipment and bringing out health concerns. Water Treatment Solutions There are several water treatment solutions providers for cooling towers in India. To understand this process, people have to know about the techniques of osmosis and reverse osmosis. Osmosis is the process of the movement of a solvent like water that goes through a living cell or a semi-permeable membrane into some higher concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane. Reverse osmosis is the process of the movement of water through this semi-permeable membrane by the application of pressure when applied to the solution such as sea water on one side of the membrane. Reverse Osmosis and Chemical Manufacturers and Exporters in India There are many RO chemicals manufacturers in India. RO (reverse osmosis) is the technique where they use quality and purified water in biochemical applications and in semiconductor processing. RO chemical is used when treating the boiler feed water, process water and the industrial waste water. This process of water purification diminishes the quantity of the solids which are dissolved in the solution. The process of reverse osmosis was initially developed in the United States of America in the nineteen fifties when it needed to covert sea water into fresh drinking water for the members of its navy. When seawater purification was achieved, the industrial sector followed suit to convert waste water to purified water for several applications. Today, in India, you will come across many a cooling tower chemical exporter. Big steps have been taken to minimize the effect of scaling. Chemical and ion exchange techniques have been used in pre-treatment processes. The ion exchange techniques remove the species that form the scales from the RO feed water and the chemical techniques transform the characteristics of the feed water to prevent crystal formation. An example of this would be lime softening where the hardness in the waste water can be reduced and it prevents the material from precipitating outwards. The effect of using RO Chemical RO Chemical can improve the membrane performance by the reverse osmosis system. Polluted membranes can have a negative impact through the impurities which build up on their surface during operations. Microorganisms or suspended solids pollute the elements of the membrane. These kinds of deposits can cause a loss in the output and will also mar the system performance. The main function of the RO chemical is to reduce the deposits and the impurities in the membranes of the system. Exclusively designed chemicals like antiscalants and RO powder cleaners by various RO chemicals manufacturers in India become helpful in the prevention of contaminants from attaching to the surface of the membranes.

Sindhi Language

Sindhi is an Indo-Aryan language that is spoken by about forty four million people in the province of Sindh, Pakistan and is a recognised official language of India. In India, it is spoken by over twelve million people who migrated from Pakistan. The language can be written using the Devanagari or the Arabic scripts. It has to be acknowledged that Sindh is probably the most effected part of the sub-continent and Pakistan that has suffered because of the migration during partition when over a million Hindu Sindhis migrated to India. It is sad that the detachment and disruption in their lives have remained hidden from most of the world. Sindhi is one of the ancient languages of the world and it is spoken in India, Pakistan, USA, Canada and Europe. The Sindhi language and culture play an important role in uniting the Sindhis all over the world. In India, Sindhi is one of the scheduled languages that are officially recognised by the federal government. Sindhi is one of the languages that were recognised in the eighth schedule of the Indian Constitution on 10th April 1967. Sindhi is influenced from a local version of the oral form of Sanskrit and from Balochi which is spoken in the province of Baluchistan. Most Sindhi speakers are concentrated in the Sindh province and in Kutch. Ulhasnagar near Mumbai is the largest Sindhi enclave in India. History Historically, Sindh was the seat of one of the most advanced urban civilisations of the world at Mohenjo-Daro. During the Indus Valley Civilisation at Mohenjo-Daro, the Sindhis used to grow grains and live in well built houses. In the beginning of the eighth century, Sindh was ruled by a Brahmin King, Raja D’Ahir, who was defeated by the Arab General Mohammad Bin Qasim in 712. The influence of Islam and Arabic language started in Sindh around this time. When we look at history, we realise that it is not new for the Sindhi language to have been threatened. When the Arabs invaded Sindh, the language faced many Arabic challenges. The threats came later from the Parsis and the English but the Sindhi language survived. For almost a thousand and two hundred years, Sindh was ruled by many native or foreign rulers. Most of this period was covered by Muslims. Sindhi has a large vocabulary and an old literary tradition. It is a favorite language of many writers and therefore a huge volume of literature, especially poetry has been written in Sindhi. The Sindhi language has descended from the Apabhramsha Prakrit named Vrachada. Arab travellers like Abu Rehan Biruni in his book, `Tahqiq Ma Lil Hind’, has mentioned that Sindhi language was used in the region with three different scripts that were Ardhanagari, Saindhu and Malwari. Over the course of next few centuries, Sindhi culture absorbed Arabic and Persian words which enhanced its heritage. Script The oldest record of the language and script of Sindhi is represented in Mohenjo-Daro seals. The seals show some pictographic script that goes back nearly five thousand years. When the British came to Sindh, they found the script to be in Devanagari. Some British scholars found the language Sanskritic and thought that the Devanagari script would be right for it. In 1850, they translated the Bible in Sindhi in the Devanagari script. In 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned the Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the abugida used in Sindhi with the Khudabadi script. The script was responsible for creating anarchy in the Muslim majority region. There were other British scholars who opined that the Arabic script suited the language as most of the writers were Muslims and their Muslim names could not be written so well in the Devanagari script. Sir Richard Burton, an Orientalist, with the help of some local scholars evolved a fifty two letter Sindhi alphabet. As the Arabic script could not express many Sindhi sounds, a scheme of dots was worked out for that purpose. As a result of this, the Sindhi script today not only has all its own sounds but it also contains the four Z’s of Arabic. The government of India recognised both the Devanagari and the Arabic scripts. Grammar and Phonology Sindhi has a large collection of both consonants and vowels when compared with the other languages. Sindhi has forty six consonant phonemes and sixteen vowels. The consonant to vowel ratio is three to one. All nasals, retroflex flaps and the lateral approximants have aspired counterparts. The language features four implosives. Implosive consonants are actually stops that can be modified by phonation. The vowels are short and of modal length. In Sindhi, consonants have different shapes according to their position in a word. Vowel signs are added to consonants to make the words. Captain George Stack, an eminent British linguist, wrote that he always considered English as a beautiful and copious language in the world until he learnt Sindhi and realised that causal verbs in Sindhi gave the language a beauty that was unique. Dialects The main dialect in Sindhi is Vicholi and it is spoken in Central Sindh. Saraiki is spoken mainly in Upper Sindh. Lari is spoken in Lower Sindh. Lasi is spoken in Western Sindh and Baluchistan. Thari is spoken in the desert region on the southeast border of Sindh and in parts of the Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan. Kacchi is spoken in the Kutch region and in some parts of Kathiawar in Gujarat. Vicholi dialect is the basis for standardised Sindhi. The largest Sindhi speaking place is Hyderabad in Pakistan. Literature Sindhi became a popular literary language between the fourteenth and the eighteenth centuries. Sufis such as Shah Abdul Latif and Lal Shahbaz Qalandar narrated their theosophical poetry describing the relationship between God and His creation. Sindhi literature is rich and is regarded to be among the oldest in the world. Its writers have contributed in various forms, both in poetry and prose. The earliest reference we get to Sindhi literature is found in the writings of the Arab historians. Sindhi was the earliest language of the East in which the Quran was translated in the ninth century. There is evidence of Sindhi poets reciting their verses before the Omayyad Muslim Caliphs in Baghdad, Iraq. Around the same period, treatises were written in Sindhi on astronomy and history. The verses of Pir Nooruddin were known as `ginans’. He was an Ismaili missionary and his ginans are the earliest specimens of Sindhi poetry. His verses are full of mysticism and religious doctrines. Poets like Pir Sadruddin followed him. We also find verses composed by Baba Farid Ganj Shakar in Sindhi and Punjabi languages. Pir Sadruddin modified the old script of Sindhi language that was used by the Lohana caste of Hindus living in Sindh who had converted to Islam under his teachings and were called as `Khojas’. In the fifteenth century, Madrasahs flourished where scholars of Sindh used to teach religion and rhetoric. Shah Abdul Latif gave new life and content to the language and literature of Sindh. He studied the culture of the people and their attachment to the land through music and fine arts. Sadhu Vaswani’s voluminous writings and mystical verses are witness to the beauty of the Sindhi language. Modern Sindhi literature began with the conquest of Sindh by the British in 1843. The printing press was introduced. Magazines and newspapers brought about a revolution in Sindhi literature. Books were translated from English. Progressive thoughts opened up new trends in Sindhi literature. In 1952, Nooruddin Sarki and Abdul Ghafoor Ansari restructured the literary forum of Sindhi language and called it `Sindhi Adabi Sangat’. Initially, its activities were restricted to the city of Karachi in Pakistan. Then, the interest spread throughout the Sindh and in India. Preservation of Sindhi Indian Institute of Sindhology at Adipur-Gandhidham is the main institute in India for the preservation of the Sindhi language and culture. It has developed into a culture university. Many symposiums were held with the active participation of well known scholars and educationists of the Sindhi language. Sindhi community does not have its own exclusive territory for the overall development for its language and education and therefore the need for such a university has come about. The university also promotes the study of Sindhi literature, art and culture. The university will have academic activities like advanced learning and research and will also serve as a centre for the Sindhi community. A sum of about fifty Crore Rupees has been set aside as a corpus fund to earn an interest to be utilised for the running expenses and towards fixtures, furniture and equipment. Use of Sindhi Language After the partition of India and Pakistan, the Sindhi immigrants stayed in many small refugee camps that were located near the urban areas in different parts of the country. Most of them had done their schooling in Sindhi medium of language. These settlements were mostly homogeneous linguistic groups. These Sindhis were able to maintain the cultural and linguistic identity enthusiastically due to the cultural and literary background and social contacts. The functional use of Sindhi was reduced in different formal and informal disciplines in India due to the absence of a unified geographical region and a change in the earlier settlement patterns for their economic survival. However, the Sindhis were able to establish many cultural organisations and educational institutions. The Sindhi settlements have reduced in size and number in these last sixty four years because many Sindhis have left the camps for better job opportunities and spread in the non-Sindhi urban areas. Some of them became non residential Indians and settled all over the world. This drastically influenced the functional use of the Sindhi language. Sindhis have also become bilingual in India and this has limited the use of Sindhi as their mother tongue. As far as education is concerned, many Sindhi medium schools were started and there was at least one Sindhi primary school in almost every Sindhi colony and there are even secondary schools in bigger settlements in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Delhi. There are Sindhi teacher training institutions in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan. Now, the governmental and non-governmental agencies are encouraging these states to introduce Sindhi language as a subject and teach through evening classes. Sindhi and Mass Media Sindhi is used in different disciplines of mass media. There are one hundred and ten newspapers and periodicals at present that are published in Sindhi in India. This plays a very important part for the Sindhi speaking community. Yet, lack of planning and resourceful infrastructure has prevented the publishers from using modern technology and giving employment to trained persons in the field of communications. Sindhi is also used by the electronic media apart from the print media. Many different stations of All India Radio relay Sindhi programs. A limited time is apportioned for Sindhi on some regional television channels of Doordarshan. Some Sindhi programs are also telecast by private agencies. Since India gained independence, several Sindhi films have been made in the country. Sindhi Language Word Processor The Institute of Information Technology of the University of Sindh has developed a Sindhi language Unicode system to help write eMails. Under the developed Unicode, the institute has also developed Microsoft Office in the Sindhi language while the system helps in composing and is of great use to researchers. The system will also help in vocal compositions as well as doing correction in Sindhi words.